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俄罗斯汉语培训师 低碳生活 Decision Making 张智勇
Archaeology
Archaeology
In addition to the Song gentry's antiquarian pursuits of art collecting,
scholar-officials during the Song became highly interested in retrieving ancient
relics from archaeological sites, in order to revive the use of ancient vessels
in ceremonies of state ritual. Scholar-officials of the Song period claimed
to have discovered ancient bronze vessels that were created as far back as the
Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BCE) which bore the writing characters of the Shang
era. Some attempted to recreate these bronze vessels by using imagination
alone, not by observing tangible evidence of relics; this practice was
criticized by Shen Kuo in his work of 1088. Yet Shen Kuo had much more to
criticize than this practice alone. Shen objected to the idea of his peers that
ancient relics were products created by famous "sages" in lore or the ancient
aristocratic class; Shen rightfully attributed the discovered handicrafts and
vessels from ancient times as the work of artisans and commoners from previous
eras. He also disapproved of his peers' pursuit of archaeology simply to
enhance state ritual, since Shen not only took an interdisciplinary approach
with the study of archaeology, but he also emphasized the study of functionality
and investigating what was the ancient relics' original processes of
manufacture. Shen used ancient texts and existing models of armillary
spheres to create one based on ancient standards; Shen described ancient
weaponry such as the use of a scaled sighting device on crossbows; while
experimenting with ancient musical measures, Shen suggested hanging an ancient
bell by using a hollow handle.
Scholars of the Song claim to have collected ancient relics dating back as far
as the Shang Dynasty, such as this bronze ding vessel.Despite the gentry's
overriding interest in archaeology simply for reviving ancient state rituals,
some of Shen's peers took a similar approach to the study of archaeology. His
contemporary Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) compiled an analytical catalogue of ancient
rubbings on stone and bronze which pioneered ideas in early epigraphy and
archeology. During the 11th century, Song scholars discovered the ancient
shrine of Wu Liang (78–151 AD), a scholar of the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD);
they produced rubbings of the carvings and bas-reliefs decorating the walls of
his tomb so that they could be analyzed elsewhere. On the unreliability of
historical works written after the fact, scholar-official Zhao Mingcheng
(1081–1129) stated "...the inscriptions on stone and bronze are made at the time
the events took place and can be trusted without reservation, and thus
discrepancies may be discovered." Historian R.C. Rudolph states that Zhao's
emphasis on consulting contemporary sources for accurate dating is parallel with
the concern of the German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886), and was
in fact emphasized by many Song scholars. The Song scholar Hong Mai
(1123–1202) heavily criticized what he called the court's "ridiculous"
archaeological catalogue Bogutu compiled during the Huizong reign periods of
Zheng He and Xuan He (1111–1125). Hong Mai obtained old vessels from the
Han Dynasty and compared them with the descriptions offered in the catalogue,
which he found so inaccurate he stated he had to "hold my sides with
laughter." Hong Mai pointed out that the erroneous material was the fault
of Chancellor Cai Jing (1047–1126), who prohibited scholars from reading and
consulting the written histories.
宋朝 La Dynastie Song French 范仲淹 晏几道减字木兰花 撼庭秋 岳飞登黄鹤楼有感
The Song Dynasty - Architecture
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