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The Song Dynasty - Architecture 低碳生活 Decision Making 张智勇
Civil service examinations
Civil service examinations
During this period
greater emphasis was laid upon the civil service system of recruiting officials;
this was based upon degrees acquired through competitive examinations, in an
effort to select the most capable individuals for governance. Selecting men for
office through proven merit was an ancient idea in China. The civil service
system became institutionalized on a small scale during the Sui and Tang
dynasties, but by the Song period it became virtually the only means for
drafting officials into the government. The advent of widespread printing helped
to widely circulate Confucian teachings and to educate more and more eligible
candidates for the exams. This can be seen in the number of exam
takers for the low-level prefectural exams rising from 30,000 annual candidates
in the early 11th century to 400,000 candidates by the late 13th century. The
civil service and examination system allowed for greater meritocracy, social
mobility, and equality in competition for those wishing to attain an official
seat in government. By using Song state-gathered statistics, Edward A. Kracke, Sudō Yoshiyuki, and Ho Ping-ti supported the hypothesis that simply
because one had a father, grandfather, or great-grandfather who had served as an
official of state, it did not guarantee that one would obtain the same level of
authority. Robert Hartwell and Robert P. Hymes criticized this
model, stating that it places too much emphasis on the role of the nuclear
family and demonstrates only three paternal ascendants of exam candidates while
ignoring the demographic reality of Song China, the significant proportion of
males in each generation that had no surviving sons, and the role of the
extended family. Many felt disenfranchised by what they saw as a bureaucratic
system that favored the land-holding class able to afford the best education.
One of the greatest literary critics of this was the official and famous poet Su
Shi. Yet Su was a product of his times, as the identity, habits, and attitudes
of the scholar-official had become less aristocratic and more bureaucratic with
the transition of the periods from Tang to Song. At the beginning of the
dynasty, government posts were disproportionately held by two elite social
groups: a founding elite who had ties with the founding emperor and a
semi-hereditary professional elite who used long-held clan status, family
connections and marriage alliances to secure appointments. By the late 11th
century, the founding elite became obsolete while political partisanship and
factionalism at court undermined the marriage strategies of the professional
elite, which dissolved as a distinguishable social group and was replaced by a
multitude of gentry families.
宋朝 La Dynastie Song 宋朝的科举制度 The Song Dynasty - the Gentry French 范仲淹 晏几道减字木兰花 撼庭秋 岳飞登黄鹤楼有感
The Song Dynasty - Economy, industry, and trade
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