张律师欢迎您的访问。
The Song Dynasty - Food and Clothing
The Song Dynasty - Economy, industry, and trade The Song Dynasty - Civil service examinations Decision Making 低碳生活 张智勇
The Gentry
The gentry
Due to China's enormous population growth and the body of its appointed
scholar-officials being accepted in limited size (about 20,000 active officials
during the Song period), the larger scholarly gentry class would now take over
grassroots affairs on the vast local level. Excluding the scholar-officials in
office, this elite social class consisted of exam candidates, examination
degree-holders not yet assigned to an official post, local tutors, and retired
officials. These learned men, degree-holders, and local elites supervised local
affairs and sponsored necessary facilities of local communities; any local
magistrate appointed to his office by the government relied upon the cooperation
of the few or many local gentry elites in the area. For example, the Song government—excluding the
educational-reformist government under Emperor Huizong—spared little amount of
state revenue to maintain prefectural and county schools; instead, the bulk of
the funds for schools was drawn from private financing. This limited role of
government officials was a departure from the earlier Tang Dynasty (618–907),
when the government strictly regulated commercial markets and local affairs; now
the government withdrew heavily from regulating commerce and relied upon a mass
of local gentry to perform necessary duties in local communities.
The gentry distinguished themselves in society through their intellectual and
antiquarian pursuits, while the homes of prominent landholders attracted a
variety of courtiers including artisans, artists, educational tutors, and
entertainers. Despite the disdain for trade, commerce, and the merchant class
exhibited by the highly cultured and elite exam-drafted scholar-officials,
commercialism played a prominent role in Song culture and society. A
scholar-official would be frowned upon by his peers if he pursued means of
profiteering outside of his official salary; however, this did not stop many
scholar-officials from managing business relations through the use of
intermediary agents.
宋朝 La Dynastie Song French 范仲淹 晏几道减字木兰花 撼庭秋 岳飞登黄鹤楼有感
The Song Dynasty - Law, justice, and forensic science
张律师感谢您的访问。
宪法 法律 行政法规 地方法规 境外法规 司法解释 典型案例 国际法及国际惯例